ISO isn't too tough - it's the 'sensitivity' of the sensor. The sensor's basically sitting there counting how many photons of each colour hit it. At a low ISO setting, it might give '1 red point' for '1 red photon'. At a higher ISO setting, you might get '10 red points' for '1 red photon'. That means with a higher ISO you can get a picture with less available light, but it sacrifices quality because it can't pick out subtle differences in the amount of light anymore (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 versus 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) and it tends to introduce a lot of noise (seen as 'speckles' on the picture) with too high an ISO.
Edit: I've an overwhelming urge to get back out there and crack on now I've seen your shot of Daneb. Hell, I've an overwhelming urge to drive to the hills so I get better quality light too.